With reference to types of volcanoes, match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below:

List I (Volcano type)                          List II (Representative example)
A. Shield volcano                             1. Mauna Loa, Hawaii
B. Composite (strato) volcano         2. Mount Fuji, Japan
C. Caldera                                       3. Lake Toba,Indonesia
D. Cinder cone                                4. Paricutin, Mexico

The 2022 eruption of the Hunga Tonga– Hunga Ha'apai underwater volcano injected an unusually large amount of water vapour, rather than the usual sulphate aerosols, into the stratosphere. Which of the following is a plausible climatic implication most consistent with this fact, as distinct from
typical volcanic eruptions?

Consider the following statements regarding earthquakes:

1.The 'focus' (hypocentre) is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the point of origin of the earthquake.
2.Seismic waves generally arrive at the epicentre before they arrive at any other location.
3.P-waves are compressional waves that travel faster than S-waves, which are shear waves

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to earthquake magnitude, consider the following statements:

1.The Richter scale is logarithmic, so each whole number increase represents roughly a ten-fold increase in measured amplitude.
2.The Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw) is generally considered more reliable than the Richter scale for very large earthquakes.
3.The Richter scale directly measures the energy released as felt by human beings at the surface.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

In the accompanying description of a world map, a location is marked where an oceanic plate is being subducted beneath a continental plate, producing a chain of andesitic composite volcanoes on the continental margin along with a deep oceanic trench offshore. This description is most consistent with which one of the following real-world settings?

Consider the following statements regarding the classification of rocks:

1.Igneous rocks formed from magma that cools slowly beneath the surface are termed 'intrusive' and typically have coarse-grained texture.
2.Basalt is an example of an extrusive igneous rock, while granite is an example of an intrusive igneous rock.
3.Metamorphic rocks are always formed directly from sedimentary rocks and never from igneous rocks.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'rock cycle' arrange the following processes in a plausible sequence by which an igneous rock could eventually be transformed into a metamorphic rock:

1.Weathering and erosion of the igneous rock into sediments
2.Compaction and cementation of sediments into sedimentary rock
3.Cooling and solidification of magma
4.Heat and pressure acting on the sedimentary rock

Select the correct sequence using the code below:

Consider the following statements regarding weathering:

1.Exfoliation, in which curved rock sheets peel off, is primarily a form of chemical weathering.
2.Hydrolysis, a chemical weathering process, is particularly effective in breaking down feldspar-rich rocks like granite.
3.Frost wedging is most effective in regions with frequent freeze-thaw cycles rather than in hot deserts.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Assertion (A): Landslides and debris flows are notably more frequent in the Himalayan region during the monsoon months.
Reason (R): Saturation of slope material with water reduces the internal shear strength of the regolith, making slopes more susceptible to failure under gravity.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above Assertion (A) and Reason (R)?

Consider the following statements regarding types of mass wasting:

1.Soil creep is an extremely slow form of mass movement, often imperceptible except over months or years.
2.A slump involves the rotational slipping of a coherent mass of rock/soil along a curved surface.
3.Mudflows generally move faster than rockfalls. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?