Consider the following statements regarding landforms created by rivers:

1.Meanders typically develop in the lower/plain course of a river where gradient is low and lateral erosion dominates over vertical erosion.
2.An oxbow lake is formed when a meander loop is cut off from the main river channel, usually near its youthful stage.
3.Braided channels tend to form where a river carries a heavy sediment load relative to its discharge.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Potholes and waterfalls, formed primarily through vertical erosion (corrasion/abrasion) by a river, are most characteristically associated with which stage of the river's long profile?

Consider the following statements regarding delta formation by rivers:

1.A delta is more likely to form where the river's sediment load exceeds the removal capacity of waves and tidal currents at the river mouth.
2.Strong wave action and a narrow, deep continental shelf tend to favour delta formation over estuary formation.
3.The Ganga–Brahmaputra delta is an example of an arcuate delta.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements comparing glacial and fluvial (river) valleys:

1.A valley eroded by a river tends to have a characteristic 'V' shaped cross-section.
2.A valley eroded by a glacier tends to have a characteristic 'U' shaped cross-section, being broader and having steeper walls.
3.A 'hanging valley' , from which a tributary stream/waterfall descends into a main glacial trough, is typical of glaciated landscapes but not of purely fluvial ones.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding wind (aeolian) erosional landforms:

1.Yardangs are streamlined, ridge-like landforms carved by wind abrasion, typically aligned parallel to the prevailing wind direction.
2.Zeugen are mushroom-shaped/table-like rock formations produced because wind abrasion is more intense near the ground, where sand load is greatest, than higher up.
3.Deflation hollows form primarily through the deposition, rather than removal, of fine material by wind.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding loess deposits:

1.Loess consists of fine, wind-blown silt that has been deposited, often far from its source region.
2.The Loess Plateau of China is a wellknown example of extensive loess deposition.
3.Loess-derived soils are generally infertile because wind sorting removes fine mineral nutrients

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding karst (groundwater) topography:

1.Stalactites grow downward from the roof of a cave while stalagmites grow upward from the cave floor, both formed by the deposition of calcium carbonate.
2.A 'uvala' is formed by the coalescence of several adjoining sinkholes (dolines).
3.A 'polje' is a large, flat-floored depression, often larger than a uvala, sometimes used for cultivation.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Assertion (A): Well-developed karst topography, with extensive caves and sinkholes, is most typically associated with regions of thick limestone in humid climates.
Reason (R): Limestone (calcium carbonate) is chemically dissolved through the process of carbonation, in which rainwater containing dissolved carbon dioxide forms a weak carbonic acid that reacts with the rock.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above Assertion (A) and Reason (R)?

Consider the following statements regarding landforms created by sea waves:

1.A wave-cut platform is a gently sloping rock surface left behind as a coastal cliff retreats due to wave erosion.
2.A 'stack' is an isolated pillar of rock left standing offshore after a sea arch collapses.
3.A 'spit' is a depositional landform that extends from the coast, typically curving at its outer end due to wave refraction/longshore drift.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A coastal outline map shows a narrow ridge of sand/shingle connecting an offshore island to the mainland. This depositional feature is best identified as a: